The symbiotic relationship between terrorism and tourism needs to be
understood and acted on,
not just in terms of security and marketing, but in terms of such
factors as planning, site development,
employment policies, political risk analysis and emergency management.
relationship between tourism and terrorism from several perspectives.The political and economic impact of terrorism on tourism is assessed,
including the sensitivity of the tourism industry to general political strife and the vulnerability of travellers and
tourist facilities to terroristic activity.The nature of terroristic violence and the objectives of terrorist
groups are evaluated to determine why and how attacks on tourists and
facilities may fit the organizational and political objectives of terrorist
groups.how the industry and policy makers must proceed to reduce the
vulnerability for tourists and the travel sector.
(Source : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0261517786900336)
Tourism, Terrorism, and Tomorrow
As fewer overseas travelers pack their bags this holiday season,
millions of tourism industry workers worldwide are losing their jobs.
Following the deadly attack against the office of Charlie Hebdo magazine,
a number of mosques in several cities in the French attack. But lucky, so far
the attacks caused no casualties.
The first attack occurred in the town of Le Mans, west of Paris. On
Thursday (08.01.2015) after midnight, three grenades "empty" thrown
into a mosque.
The attack did not cause casualties, but resulted in minor damage,
including a hole in one of the windows of the mosque.
The next attack occurred in the district of Port-la-Nouvelle, near the
city of Narbonne, southern France. A group of men opened fire on a mosque
shortly after where it was used to hold prayers.
The local prosecutor's office said the attack did not cause casualties
because the attack occurred when the mosque was empty.
While on Thursday morning, an explosion occurred at a kebab shop near a
mosque in the city of Villefranche-sur-Saone, in the eastern region of France,
also causing no casualties.
Although this attack occurred after a series of tragedies Charlie
Hebdo, but the French security forces have not linked the three attacks with an
attack against the satirical magazine.
Terror shook public places in Paris, France, on Friday night, November
13. Approximately 132 people were reported killed and 350 wounded.
The assault occurred in three places. The first opera house Bataclan,
when aberaliran rock band Eagles of Death Metal gig on Friday night. It turns
out in the audience, there were four armed men.
Second, near the Stade de France, when President Francois Hollande was
watching a football friendly match between France and Germany, a suicide bomb
exploded outside the stadium, killing dozens of people.
Third, at a Cambodian restaurant, where several people were reported
killed.
But the terror did not stop there. Some events continues, the Islamic
State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) and its members were still wandering in Paris,
and other cities in Europe.
The following time line of terror after the tragedy of Paris that we
have outlined. Click refresh to update the information on this page. The latest
information will appear on the top line period in this paper:
Saturday, November 21, 2015: The discovery of the bodies of women and
the attitude of the United Nations
Paris authorities said that the information about Hasna Aitboulahcen
who blew themselves improperly. Hasna did not die because of blowing
themselves.
Authorities continued that who blew themselves are men, not women.
Meanwhile, the United Nations (UN) passed a resolution security. The UN
approved countries in the world to take the necessary steps in combating ISIS.
Related to hunt terrorists, on the same day, Turkish police arrested a
Belgian man of Moroccan origin, allegedly linked attack Paris.
Belgian man named Ahmet Dahmani was arrested in a luxury hotel in the
southern coastal city of Antalya. The city last week to the location of the
Group of 20 meeting of leaders of countries (G20).
The 26-year-old man staying since November 16 at a five star hotel in
the famous lokawisata.
Meanwhile, two other men, each Syrian citizen, was detained in a nearby
highway on suspicion that they were sent by ISIS jihadist group in Syria to
ensure Dahmani travel in safety across the border, and they are also planning
to meet.
Dogan news agency quoting court sources, identified two other people
named Ahmet Tahur 29-year-old and 23-year-old Muhammed Verdi.
Friday, November 20, 2015: Belgium hold 9 people and a bomb threat in
London
Belgian police detain 9 people in Brussels, they were allegedly linked
to the attack in Paris.
Meanwhile, the London transport system to evacuate passengers
underground stations Baker Street in central London on Thursday, after a
suspicious vehicle near the station.
A spokesman for London's Metropolitan Police (MPS) said police acted
after a suspicious vehicle.
French police discovered the corpse again, a total of three of the
victims of the ambush Saint Denis. This time the bodies of a woman's body.
The bodies of the women were suspected of being Hasna Aitboulahcen, who
previously reported to blow themselves.
Thursday, November 19, 2015: Brain attack Paris Abdelhameed Abaaoud
reported killed
According to AFP reports, the mastermind of the attack Paris,
Abdelhameed Abaaoud killed in an ambush in Saint-Denis yesterday.
Tracking of Paris attack the brain is not separated from the Moroccan
intelligence assistance.
Wednesday, November 18, 2015: The ambush in Saint-Denis
At least two suspected terrorists were killed and seven others were
arrested in a raid in the area of Saint-Denis, Paris, on Wednesday morning, local time.
According to an AFP report, one of the dead included women who blew
himself up. Shootout occurred between police and an armed group to capture the
mastermind of the attack Paris, Abdelhameed Abaaoud.
Meanwhile, three members of the French police were reported injured as
a result of the raid.
Research Professor of Political Development Division Indonesian
Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Hermawan Sulistyo, said terror bomb Thamrin,
Jakarta, which happened last Thursday was not engineered. He also said security
officers not missed that time. "The events Thamrin bomb was not fabricated
and untrue called missed," he said at Widya Graha LIPI, Friday, January
22, 2016.
Hermawan statement was responding to doubts that arise as a result of
the rapid handling of the police. He said, the location of a bomb explosion has
maintained the vital objects security officer (Pamobvit) since November 2015.
The guard was related to the threat of terror at Christmas and New Year.
It was also the reason for the existence of members of the Police Air
Education Center, Adjunct Senior Commissioner and Inspector Fortunately Sangaji
End Suryani, around the site. Fortunately, said they were in charge of securing
the path of President Joko Widodo. "At that time we were in the cafe
Walnut," said Lucky.
Head of the National Security Studies Center was also explained that
during the incident, Chief Operations Bureau Jakarta Police Commissioner
Martuani Sormin middle guard in the Constitutional Court. So they can arrive in
a short time.
Herman explained, the duration of the event, from the explosion until
the shootout was over, up to 24 minutes. Therefore, according to him, it makes
sense if the Police arrived at the scene a short time.
Regarding the statement that security personnel cheated, Herman denied.
He said the two bombs were not so blasted the perpetrator is the proof.
"If you say missed, the bomb must have exploded all," he said.
Hermawan said, there were six bombs were prepared offender. Four bombs
exploded, while two large bombs have not been detonated. First offender
crippled by Lucky and The End.
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Before September 11th, travel and tourism was the world’s largest
industry, accounting for one in every 12 jobs. When the massive $3.6 trillion
industry almost ground to a halt after the terrorist attacks, the ripple
effects extended well beyond the United States, exposing the vulnerability of
countries too dependent on international tourism, reports the Worldwatch
Institute, a Washington, DC-based environmental research organization.
“The aftermath of September 11 has shown us how important travel and
tourism are to the global economy, but also how over-dependence on tourism can
devastate lives and derail economies,” says Worldwatch Staff Researcher Lisa
Mastny, author of Traveling Light: New Paths for International Tourism. “Now,
more than ever, it is time to put issues of sustainability at the top of the
global tourism agenda.”
In the paper, Mastny discusses ways that countries can redirect their
tourism activities to make them more socially beneficial and environmentally
sound. She highlights a wide range of positive efforts underway to minimize
tourism’s negative impacts and to boost its benefits for local communities and
the environment.
Revenues from tourism have been especially important in the developing
world, which stands to suffer severe economic losses from the slowdown.
“Tourism is the only economic sector where developing countries consistently
run a trade surplus,” says Mastny. “It’s especially significant in poorer
countries that have few other options: for the world’s 49 so-called least
developed countries, tourism is the second largest source of foreign exchange
after oil.”
Businesses in the developing world are particularly worried about the
sharp drop in bookings as the winter high season nears:
India and Nepal, which are close to Afghanistan, are already feeling
the effects of a drop in demand.
In October, resort company Club Méditerranée was forced to close 15 of
its holiday villages in the Caribbean, Central America, the Middle East,
Europe, and Asia.
Operators in Costa Rica report a 30 percent decline in bookings from
last year.
International tourism is now expected to grow by only 1.5 to 2 percent
in 2001, compared with the robust 7.4 percent rise in 2000.
The International Labour Organization estimates that as many as 9
million of the world’s 200 million hotel and tourism workers could lose their
jobs in the wake of the attacks. Nearly three quarters of these positions are
outside the United States and Europe, many in countries with weak social safety
nets.
Even in the best of times, the consequences of tourism’s rapid growth
have not always been positive. On average, as much as 50 percent of tourism
earnings ultimately “leak” out of the developing world-in the form of profits
earned by foreign-owned businesses, promotional spending abroad, or payments
for imported goods and labor. And uncontrolled tourism development-on
mountaintops, along coastlines, or in remote jungle areas-stresses many fragile
ecosystems and cultures.
“Tourism does not have to have such negative impacts,” Mastny says.
“Many governments and businesses, local communities, and tourists themselves
are already paying more attention to the social, cultural, and environmental
impacts of their activities.”
Such changes can save money as well. Some hotels, tour operators, and
other businesses are taking formal steps to restructure their management and
operations along environmental lines-often at considerable cost savings.
Between 1988 and 1995, for example, Inter-Continental Hotels reduced its
overall energy costs by 27 percent, saving $3.7 million in 1995 alone. The
Green Hotels Association reports that hotels that have adopted such
conservation measures and green practices have been better able to weather the revenue
loss, falling occupancies, and higher energy costs in the aftermath of the
September attacks.
In the paper, Mastny also examines the role of ecotourism, or
responsible tourism in natural settings, in protecting and enhancing
environmentally fragile areas. If done well, ecotourism can bring benefits to
both local communities and conservation. The ecotourism sector had been growing
even faster than the tourism industry as a whole (20% vs. 7%). But Mastny
cautions that some businesses are “greenwashing” their operations, slapping on
the ecotourism label without actually changing their practices.
(Source : http://www.worldwatch.org/tourism-terrorism-and-tomorrow)